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FOOT 



BALL 



SIMPLE EXPLANATIONS 

OF THE GREAT GAME 

.WITH DIAGRAMS 

FOR 

SPECTATORS 

BY 

A. A. STAGG (Yale '88) 

H. L. WILLIAMS (Yale ox) 



SIMPLE EXPLANATIONS 



OF. THE 



GREAT GAME OF 

FOOTBALL 

WITH DIAGRAMS 

FOR SPECTATORS 

BY s 

A. Alonzo Stagg 

(End Rusher in the Yale University Eleven, 1888-89) 
and/ 
Henry L. Williams 

Y > (Half Back in the Yale University Eleven, 1890) 





.>■ 



Hartford, Conn. 

Press of The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company 

1893 

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yov is iSdf) 



Copyright, 1893, 

by 

A. A. Stagg and H. L. Williams, 



All rights reserved. 



PREFACE. 



A general knowledge of the science of modern football 
is constantly becoming more and more widely diffused, 
but at the great matches a large proportion of those 
present have a very superficial knowledge of the game. 

The real enjoyment of the contest would be enhanced 
for all such many times if the cardinal points of the game 
could be clearly set before them and the first principles of 
the science of interference and defense simply demon- 
strated. 

It is with the hope of being able to acccomplish this, 
in part, and of thus contributing in a small degree toward 
the better appreciation among the general public of 
the game of football, which is becoming the greatest 
American sport, that the authors have produced the 
present edition. 

A. A. Stagg, 
H. L. Williams. 

Oct. 30, 1S93. 



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EXPLANATION OF THE GAME. 



In attending a football match for the first time the eye 
of the spectator is immediately drawn to the arrangement 
of the grounds on which the game is to take place. With 
the aid of the accompanying diagram but a word of ex- 
planation is necessary to make clear the purpose of the 
various markings. 

American football is played on a rectangular field, 
three hundred and thirty feet long and one hundred and 
sixty feet wide, enclosed by heavy white lines marked in 
lime upon the ground. For the convenience of the 
referee in fulfilling his duties, the field is marked by ad- 
ditional lines five yards apart crossing from side to side, 
the fifth from either end being indicated by an especially 
heavy one known as the "twenty-five yard line." The 
" center of the field " is located at the middle point of the 
eleventh line. 

At the center of the goal lines at each end of the field 
two goal posts, from fifteen to twenty feet high, are 
erected eighteen and one-half feet apart, and connected 
by a cross-bar ten feet from the ground. Two " teams " 
of eleven men each contest in the game. Seven of 
them, called the rushers, or forwards, stand opposing a 
corresponding seven of the opposite eleven, whenever 
the ball is down for a "scrimmage." The one in the 
middle is known as the center rusher, or center, and on 
either side of him are the right and left guards, the right 
and left tackles, and the right and left ends, respectively. 
The four remaining players are the quarter-back, right 
and left half-backs, and the full-back, who stand behind 
1* 



the line of rushers and occupy positions which vary ac- 
cording to whether they or their opponents have the ball. 
The positions which the players will occupy when about 
to execute the different movements of the game are shown 
by the diagrams in the chapter describing the various 
evolutions. At the beginning of the game the ball is 
placed at the center of the field. The side in possession 
of the ball constitutes the side of attack, and endeavors 
to carry it down the field by kicking or running with it, 
in order to place it on the ground behind the opponents' 
goal line. The other side, forced to act upon the defen- 
sive, are drawn up in opposition, and strive to check their 
advance and to get possession of the ball themselves, so 
that they may no longer act upon the defensive, but 
become, in turn, the attacking party. 

The rules of the game (see final chapter), place certain 
restrictions upon the attacking side and upon the defense, 
and it is the attempt made in accordance with these rules 
by each side to retain the ball in their possession and 
carry it down the field through all opposition, in order to 
place it behind their opponents' goal, which furnishes in 
rough outline the essential features of the American 
game of football. 

Before the game is to begin the captains of the re- 
spective teams decide by a toss of the coin which side 
shall first be given possession of the ball. The side having 
the ball then places it down upon the center of the field 
and arrange themselves in any formation which they de- 
sire, behind the line on which the ball is placed, in prepa- 
ration to force it into the enemy's territory. The side 
acting on the defensive are obliged to withdraw ten yards 
toward their own goal, and are there drawn up in oppo- 
sition to await the attack of their opponents until after 
the ball is put in play. 



As the " center rusher" of the attacking side puts the 
ball in play by touching it with his foot and passing it 
back to some other player for a run, or a kick down the 
field, the rushers upon the defensive side are at liberty to 
charge forward to meet the attack. The clash following 
this charge constitutes the first actual encounter of the 
game. 

When the runner with the ball is caught, or " tackled," 
thrown upon the ground, and there held so that he can 
advance no further, he calls " down," whereupon the ball 
is " dead" for the moment, and cannot be carried for- 
ward or kicked until the center rusher again puts it in 
play according to rule. 

As soon as " down " is called, an imaginary line, cross- 
ing the field from side to side and passing through the 
center of the ball, immediately comes into existence. 
Each player must remain on the side of this line toward 
his own goal until after the ball is " put in play," and it is 
one of the duties of the umpire rigidly to enforce this 
regulation. Should any player cross this line and fail to 
return before the ball is " snapped back " it constitutes an 
" off side play," for which the rules provide a penalty. 

To again put the ball in play the center rusher places 
his hand upon it at the spot where " down " was called. 
The rushers then "line up" opposing one another, the 
line of attack being drawn closely together for a greater 
concentration of energy, while the defensive rushers are 
slightly spread apart to facilitate breaking through the 
line and stopping the advance, when the ball shall be 
put in play. The captain upon the attacking side then 
shouts some signal, understood only by his own men- 
which indicates the evolution that he wishes his eleven to 
execute ; whereupon the center rusher puts the ball in 



play by "snapping it back," that is, by rolling it back 
between his legs. 

Immediately behind the center rusher the quarter-back 
has taken his stand. He receives the ball as it is " snap- 
ped back " and instantly passes it to one of the half-backs 
or a man in the line, for a run, or to the full-back for a 
kick down the field. Thereupon the first " scrimmage " of 
the game takes place as the opposing team attempts to 
break through the line and stop the play. 

One side is not allowed to retain indefinite possession 
of the ball without making gain or loss. The rules pro- 
vide that if the side having possession of the ball shall 
fail to make an aggregate gain of five yards, or a loss of 
twenty yards, in three consecutive "scrimmages" the 
ball shall be forfeited to the other side at the spot where 
it was last down. 

To make this clear we will take a hypothetical case. We 
will suppose that the side of attack opens the game by the 
use of a wedge play from the center of the field, such as 
is explained a little further on in diagram 56, and that 
before the opposing side can stop them, they advance the 
ball eight yards toward their opponents' goal. They have 
advanced the ball more than the requisite five yards, 
therefore the referee will declare "first down." 

Thereupon the center-rusher will take the ball and when 
the team has "lined up" on either side of him, put the 
ball in play by rolling it back between his legs to the 
quarter-back. The ball is "in play" the moment the 
center has " snapped it back," and it is allowable for the 
opposing team to attempt to break through the line the 
instant the " snap " is made. 

We will suppose that upon this occasion the attacking 
side is able to advance the ball only three yards. The 



referee will then say, " second down, two yards to gain." 
This will mean that two yards must still be gained to 
make the total of five, which are necessary before " first 
down " can again be declared. 

We will suppose once more that the ball is again put in 
play, but that this time an advance of but one yard is 
obtained, thus making a total of but four yards in the 
two attempts made since the "first down." The team 
will be allowed but one more trial, and unless in the next 
play they succeed in making their total gain since the 
"first down" equal, or exceed, five yards, they will be 
obliged to hand the ball over to the other side. If the 
captain is doubtful whether or not he will be able to 
advance the ball the required distance and thus secure the 
"first down" once more, he will prefer to kick the ball 
and send it far down into his opponent's territory before 
they can secure it, rather than run the risk of having 
to give it up on the " fourth down " without gain. 

When the ball has been kicked or when the opponents 
obtain it by any means whatsoever, the next down is 
always counted as the first down, and so the game pro- 
ceeds. 

Advances by running are made by the player directing 
his course through one of the six openings in the rush line, 
or around the ends, according as the signal may direct. 
The signal also indicates the player who is to receive the 
ball. The runner is assisted in his course by the players 
who border on the opening through which he is to go. 
These seek to enlarge the space by pushing their oppo- 
nents to one side. He is further assisted by others of his 
own players, some of whom precede, to "block off" the 
opponents from "tackling " him in front, while still others 
follow to push him farther if he is checked. The players 



who are to precede and the players who are to follow 
change with the play according as each man is enabled 
by his position to adjust himself to it. 

Four points are scored when one side carries the ball 
across the goal line and makes a "touch down." The 
side making the " touch down" is then allowed to carry 
the ball out into the field as far as they may desire in a 
line perpendicular to the goal line and passing through 
the point where it was "touched down," in order that 
one of their number may attempt to kick it between the 
goal posts above the cross-bar. The other side mean- 
while are obliged to take their positions behind the goal 
line. Should the attempt be successful, it will constitute 
a " goal," and two additional points be added to the score. 
But whether the attempt be successful or not, the ball 
must be delivered to the other side, who will take it to the 
center of the field and put it in play in the same manner 
as at the beginning of the game. 

If the ball can be kicked between the posts and above 
the cross-bar by a "drop-kick" or "place-kick" by any 
one of the players, without having been previously carried 
across the goal line, it will constitute a "goal from the 
field," and will count five points. 

In case the ball is kicked or carried across the boundary 
line on either side it will be " out of bounds " and must 
be brought into the field at right angles to the line at the 
point where it crossed. This is done by the side which 
first secures it after it passes out of bounds. 

It is usual to bring the ball into the field from ten to 
fifteen yards and then to place it upon the ground for a 
"scrimmage" as from a regular down; though the ball 
may be passed in, to any one of the players, at the point 
where it went out, provided that it is thrown in at right 



angles to the side line; or it may be " touched in " at the 
same point. 

Spectators who are not thoroughly acquainted with the 
game frequently find it difficult to distinguish between a 
" touch-down ", a " touch-back ", and a " safety ". 

A "touch-down" is made by carrying the ball across 
the opponents goal line and there holding it upon the 
ground, or by blocking a kick made by the opponents 
and then obtaining the ball while it is behind their goal. 
A " touch-down " scores four points. 

The ball is frequently kicked across the goal line from 
some point in the field and there secured by one of the 
opponents behind their own goal. This is a so-called 
"touch-back," and counts nothing. The side making it 
is then allowed to carry the ball out as far as the 
" twenty-five yard line " and from there either kick it or 
put it in play in the regular way. 

A " safety" is made when the side having the ball in 
their possession are forced back by the opponents behind 
their own goal line and are then obliged to place it down 
upon the ground ; or when the ball is secured by a player 
behind his own goal when the impetus which caused the 
ball to cross the line came from any member upon his 
own team. 

When a " safety" is made the other side are allowed 
two points for thus forcing their opponents to touch the 
ball down behind their own goal. 

A " punt " is a kick made by dropping the ball and then 
kicking it before it strikes the ground ; a " drop kick " is 
made by dropping the ball and kicking it the instant it 
rises from the ground ; while a " place kick " is made by 
kicking the ball after it has been placed upon the ground. 

The game is divided into two halves, of three-quarters 



of an hour each. At the end of the first half the teams 
change sides so that the advantage of wind or sun will 
be equalized as nearly as possible. 

The side scoring the greatest number of points will 
be declared the winners. 

Note. — The following diagrams with explanations are 
taken from our more advanced work of 275 pages, en- 
titled, "A Scientific and Practical Treatise on Ameri- 
can Football for Schools and Colleges," which con- 
tains seventy diagrams with full explanation of more than 
one hundred and twenty-five plays, including line-wedges, 
revolving wedges, flying wedges, criss-cross plays, double 
pass plays, opening plays, and a large number of trick 
plays, in addition to all the standard plays used at the 
present time in the foremost universities. 

The book also contains separate chapters upon the 

(i) CENTER, (2) GUARD, (3) TACKLE, (4) END, (5) QUARTER- 
BACK, (6) half-backs, and full-back, with full directions 
as to how each position should be played, with many 
hints and invaluable points ; also exhaustive chapters 
upon training, field tactics, signals, and notes for hand- 
ling a team upon the field. All football coachers, players, 
and those who care for more than a superficial under- 
standing of the game, are referred to this book. 



EXPLANATION OF THE DIAGRAMS. 

Before passing on to consider the following plays, a 
few words of explanation will be necessary. 

The side of attack in every instance, when in their 
regular positions, will be represented by the solid dots 
,© 9 ,#) > an d the side acting on the defensive by rings 
(O O O). When it is desired to represent a player in a 
position other than that which he originally occupies 
the figures O O O will be used. The broken line 

( ) will represent the course of the ball in 

the pass and the direction taken by the runner who 
receives it. 

A simple dotted line ( ) will be used to in- 
dicate that a player is to follow the runner with the ball, 
while the solid line ( — — ) indicates that the man 
shall pass in front to act as a line-breaker or interferer. 
The arrows indicate the direction which the players shall 
take. 

The men represented by the letters given in the 
diagrams are as follows : c, indicates the center ; qb, the 
quarter-back; rh, lh, re, and le, the right and left 
half-backs and right and left ends respectively ; the right 
and left tackles are indicated by R t and l t ; while f-b 
represents the full-back. 

It must be distinctly understood that the drawings 
are in a measure diagramatical and do not in all in- 
stances represent accurately the relative distance be- 
tween the players. 

For example : in the diagramatical representation, 
wide spaces are left between the individual men in the 
rush line, while as a matter of fact, when the game is in 
progress, the rushers stand so closely together that they 
can easily touch one another and are frequently placed 
shoulder to shoulder. This manner of representation has 

(75) 



7 6 

been decided upon as conducive to greater clearness in 
showing the relative positions and directions where a 
number of men are obliged to pass through one opening, 
and in case the beginner is misled by this in any way, 
his error will be readily corrected by careful study in 
other parts of the book. 

In arranging the positions of the side acting upon the 
defensive, the quarter-back has been placed immediately 
behind one of the tackles while-, a half-back has been 
brought forward and stationed behind the other tackle. 
The abilities of the two half-backs should determine 
which position they shall occupy ; the points to be con- 
sidered being the ability to catch the ball when it is 
kicked, and the qualification for meeting the heavy tack- 
ling in the line. 

Sometimes it is preferable upon the third down, or 
when the ball is to be kicked, that the half-back stationed 
behind the tackle should immediately return to his 
proper position. At all other times the quarter-back and 
half-back usually remain directly behind their respective 
tackles as indicated, after the ball is snapped, until it be- 
comes clearly apparent through which one of the openings 
the opposing side is to make their attack, and then to 
spring forward directly into this breach and meet the on- 
coming runner in the line. 

This is considered a safer and more powerful defense 
than to have either one of these men attempt to break 
through, in the hope of meeting the runner behind his 
own line before he reaches the opening, and is the 
method adopted by the leading college football teams in 
the country. When opposed to a team using the running 
game almost altogether, both half-backs may be sent for- 
ward to support the line, the full-back alone remaining 
well behind the line for safety. 



77 

It will be noticed that the ends upon the side acting on 
the offense are placed near the tackles and are drawn 
slightly back from the line. We believe that the ends 
are in the strongest possible position for an attack in any 
direction when they stand about a yard and a half from 
the tackles, and about a yard back from the line. From 
this position they are of equal value in blocking, should 
the play be made around their end, while in plays 
through the center and around the opposite end, their 
position back from the line enables them to get into the 
play with far greater rapidity, and wellnigh doubles 
their efficiency. From a position in the line the running 
of the end, with the ball, which may be made a power- 
ful play, would be extremely difficult. 

Nearly every diagram represents two plays or more, 
and it should be borne in mind that, whereas in the 
diagram a play may be represented as made to the left, 
the same play may also be made to the right, and vice 
versa. 

In representing the arrangement of the men in the 
wedges and in the opening plays from the center of the 
field, the formation is given which in the majority of 
cases would seem to be most advantageous. But this 
arrangement need not be considered fixed and may be 
changed at the discretion of the captain. 

For special reason, too, it may in some instances seem 
best to alter the arrangement of the interference so that 
the positions of the preceding and following runners shall 
be interchanged. When there is sufficient reason for 
doing so, there should be no hesitation in making the 
alteration. When nothing is said as to duties of a player 
in the description of the diagrams, it will be understood 
that the player blocks his man. 



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TEAM PLAY. 

American football is pre-eminently a game for the 
practice and display of what is known as ' ' team play. " No 
other game can compare with it in this particular. Not 
that the individual element in skill, in physical capacities, 
in strategy, and headwork are overlooked, but these are 
made subservient to the intent of the particular play in 
hand, and so adjusted to that play as shall best contribute 
to its success. To get eleven men to use their individual 
strength, agility, and speed, their wit, judgment, and 
courage, first in individual capacity, then working with 
one or two companion players, then as eleven men work- 
ing as one, is a magnificent feat in organization and 
generalship. 

The individual element, perhaps, is most prominently 
set forth in defensive play, although there is abundant 
opportunity in offensive play also for it to show itself; but 
individual and team play are so closely joined, as a rule, 
that the beauty of the latter is heightened as the individual 
efforts of each player are perceived. In defensive work 
the players have more reason to feel their individuality, 
because they are often compelled to combat alone one or 
more opponents before they can get an opportunity to 
tackle the runner. The defensive system, however, gives. 
a splendid chance for clever team play in the placing of 
the players, in the general and particular understanding 
that certain men shall nearly' always go through to tackle 
behind the line; that certain others shall wait to see where 

(221) 



the attack will be made and there hurl themselves against 
it ; that others shall go through the line, or not, just as 
it seems wisest at the time; and that still others shall 
never involve themselves in the scrimmage, but act only 
when the play has been carried into their territory. 
Furthermore, there is constant opportunity for the 
exercise of team play in the working together of certain 
players of the rush line in defense, and also in the work- 
ing together of any two or three players at special times; 
for example, when one or two men sacrifice themselves to 
clearing away the interferers so that a companion can 
tackle the runner; when one follows hard after the runner 
to overtake him, if possible, even after having missed a 
tackle; or helps check him from further advance when 
tackled, or endeavors to secure the ball. 

In the rush line the center and guards work together 
in defense, having an understanding with each other and 
with the player hovering in their rear, whenever it seems 
best to try to let him through on the opposing quarter- 
back or full-back, or whenever a special defense for certain 
plays seems best. Likewise the ends and tackles are 
closely joined in team play, in that they are the players 
relied on to stop the end plays and those between tackle 
and end. The most perfect adjustment and team work is 
needed in doing this, for they play into each other's hands 
while, at the same time, they seek to tackle the runner. 
Similarly, but less closely, do the guards and tackles work 
together in defense against certain plays. 

It is an essential point in the working out of this 
team play between the different parts of the rush line, 
that the players study most carefully the positions they 
should occupy to meet the different kinds of play — how 
far from each other they should stand for this play, how 



223 

far for that. In doing this, they must have regard for 
their own freedom to attack, not allowing themselves to 
take a position where they can easily be tangled up, nor 
one in which they can give their opponents an advantage 
in blocking them. Except on wedge and mass plays, the 
players in defense should draw their opponents apart 
sufficiently to give themselves space to break through on 
either side 

The backs supplement the work of the rushers in 
defensive play, arranging themselves behind the rush 
line at such distances from each other and from the 
forwards, as shall give the strongest defense. In that 
degree in which they make their work strong in team 
play, will they give the rushers encouragement and sup- 
port in going through the line. The forwards will thus 
be enabled to play as a unit, because they know that 
there is a reserve force directly behind them to lend 
them assistance and make their play safe. 

The backs work together in special defense on a kick, 
arranging themselves, either one or both, in front of the 
catcher to protect and encourage him, and to secure the 
ball, if muffed; or one stands behind to make the play 
safe, or to receive the ball on a pass from the catcher for 
a run or kick. The ends sometimes come back with their 
opponents at such times, to bother them all they can and 
to be in a position to interfere for the catcher, if he runs. 
The backs, also sometimes have a chance to help one 
another out by blocking off opponents, while one of their 
number makes sure of a rolling ball which, perhaps, has 
been kicked over the goal line or into touch. 

When one side has the ball, it is often possible for the 
opponents to guess in which direction it will be carried, by 
the way the half-backs or quarter-back stand; by their 



224 

unconscious glances in the direction they will take; by 
certain anticipative movements of the muscles; by false 
starts before the ball is put into play. Further informa- 
tion is often given by the rushers themselves — often by 
the rusher who is to carry the ball. Frequently the 
players who are to make the opening indicate by the way 
they stand, by shifting their positions after the signal is 
given, or by certain actions peculiar to them at such times, 
the general direction of the play, and, perhaps, the exact 
place at which it is aimed. All this is most valuable 
information and ought to be imparted to the rest of the 
team whenever sufficiently positive to be of service. 
Indeed, the team play of the future will not be considered 
satisfactory without a set cf signals being used to spread 
just such information. 

At the same time that it is possible to gather much 
information of this character from the side with the ball, 
it must be remembered that shrewd players, knowing how 
they are watched for these tell-tale signs, have cultivated 
certain false motions, and are using them as points in 
strategy to deceive their opponents into expecting a differ- 
ent play from the one which is actually made. 

From the foregoing, one draws the lesson to hide the 
intended play. At least, the play must not be indicated 
by any of these signs which the green player, and too 
often the experienced player, shows. Thoughtful self- 
control in every particular is what each player must 
cultivate, if he would do the greatest service for his team. 

Now and then, also, in offensive play the maneuver 
resolves itself into a test of individual skill, speed, endur- 
ance, and headwork; but this is nearly always the out- 
come of team play in the first part of the movement. 
Occasionally a mishap furnishes a player a chance to make 
a run wholly through his own unaided efforts. 



225 

The history of the evolution of the hundred and more 
plays in American football is the history of the develop- 
ment of a "team" game. The perfecting of this has 
largely increased the number of combinations now 
possible and has given a wideness in variety of play, and 
at the same time a defmiteness of action for each play, 
which makes it possible for every member of the eleven 
to assist powerfully in its execution. In fact, the execu- 
tion of the play depends on every player doing his 
particular work for that play. Hence, the interdepend- 
ence of the players is very close from the moment the 
ball is down until the run is made, or until a fair catch or 
a down by the opponents declares that the ball has been 
released. It is therefore exceedingly important that the 
adjustment of every factor in the play be made with per- 
fect skill and in exact sequence, from the beginning till 
the end. It is most important, however, that the starting 
of the play be well made, for no amount of cleverness 
afterward can atone for a bungling start. 

Team play from a scrimmage should begin the instant 
the center receives the ball from the hands of the runner 
(which should be immediately after he is stopped). Every 
rusher and back should be in position for the next play, 
and the signal be given before the runner has had hardly 
time to rise from the ground. The delay of one man in 
taking his place might be sufficient to spoil the play, 
whether that man be a rusher or a player behind the line. 

As soon as the ball is in play the rushers must give 
their united support to the quarter-back and the runner, 
blocking their opponents, if necessary, long enough for 
the quarter to pass the ball and the runner to get well 
started. The center and guards especially must work 
together to protect the quarter while receiving the ball 
J 5 



226 

and passing it, and then all or part of them may move 
elsewhere to help out in the play, or may stay in their 
positions to make an opening for the runner. There 
must be the most united work in these preliminaries to 
the run. Irregular snapping of the ball, either in direction 
or in speed, which causes the quarter to fumble or to be 
delayed in getting it to the runner, a poor pass from the 
quarter, a muff or fumble by the runner, the letting of an 
opponent through too soon, are usually sufficient to spoil 
the play. 

The rushers will do well in the preliminaries if the 
runner succeeds in getting up to the line without en- 
countering an opponent, or in the end plays if he is able 
to get under good headway. They perhaps need only to 
make a strong blockade in those parts of the line where 
the particular play is in greatest danger of being checked, 
but in order to do this well they must regard each other's 
position as well as their own, touching elbows when 
necessary, or separating according to the line tactics 
deemed most effective at the time. 

The work of a part of the rushers consists in preceding 
the runner whenever possible, working together by 
strategy and combination to make an opening for him 
and his interferers to go through. The others follow 
closely from behind to render what assistance they are 
able. This work comprises the hardest part of the whole 
play, for it must be executed in the face of the strongest 
part of the resistance. The rushers can block their men 
for a second or two, but to block them from three to six 
seconds is impossible against good players. It is here 
that the interferers come into especial prominence and 
value, for they are to clear the way of these free oppo- 
nents. It is in anticipating the probable positions of the 



227 

opponents in the vital stage of every maneuver, and in 
providing the cleverest team play to meet each con- 
tingency, that a team excels in advancing the ball by 
running. 

Several things are especially necessary to produce skill, 
ful team play. First there should be a wise selection of 
players, and they should be placed in their final positions 
as early in the season as possible. There also should be 
such judgment in the arrangement of these players for 
each position as will produce the least friction in working 
out the plays, and that arrangement will usually be most 
effective in which there is the least delay and ill adjust- 
ment in making the plays quickly. There should be hard, 
systematic daily practice, backed by a close study of every 
play by each player in his particular position. The same 
players should be used together as much as possible, so 
that they can become thoroughly acquainted with each 
other's style of play and know each other's weak and 
strong points. In this way only can the fine adjustments 
and combinations which go to make up team play be 
brought about. 

Team play in interference can only be the result of a 
carefully-planned system in which every player studies 
the general directions laid down for each play with a view 
to perfecting his particular work, varying his position on 
the field whenever necessary, starting like a flash in this 
play and delaying somewhat in that, blocking his man in 
one game perhaps in a certain way and in the next in one 
entirely different, because his opponent plays differently, 
sometimes taking another opponent instead of his own, 
when he sees that he can be of more assistance by so 
doing, and, in fact, doing whatever will most conduce to 
the furtherance of the particular play in hand. 



In most plays the part which each player shall take in 
the interference can be laid out very definitely, but in 
the end play, and plays between end and tackle, only part 
of the interferers are to take particular men; the rest 
block off whatever opponents come in their path. It is in 
this free running that there are frequent chances for the 
display of fine team play in interference in striking the 
opponent at the nick of time, in pocketing him, in forcing 
him in or out as it seems best on the instant (the runner 
being on the watch for either), and in the runner some- 
times slowing up to let an interferer who is close behind 
go ahead to take the man. Very often the reason that 
a play is not successful is because the interferer is too far 
in advance of the runner to be of any service to him. 
Interference must be timely to be effective. It must be 
the projecting of a helper at the moment a point of diffi- 
culty arises — the swinging into line of a series of helpers 
in timely sequence as the runner advances. Nor must 
the runner be delayed by the interferers except, perhaps, 
when the guard comes around on an end play where it is 
necessary to slow up a little at a certain point to let the 
guard in ahead. 

The execution of nearly all the play? depends for its 
success on each player doing his duty at the right moment. 
Here and there in certain parts of the play one or more 
pla)^ers must delay a particular work as much as possible, 
otherwise their action would be immature and so value- 
less ; but for the most part, the movement of each player 
should be quick and definite, and those plays are most 
effectively made in which every player does his duty 
quickly. 

Naturally, the end plays and the plays between end and 
tackle require more delicate adjustment of the players in 



229 

the interference than do the center plays. In the latter, 
the interference nearly always must be done after the 
line has been reached and penetrated. Here the extra 
men, who rush to the opening as soon as they see where 
it is, will be encountered, while in the end runs an 
opponent is likely to show himself here and there and 
everywhere before the runner reaches the line. 

In all mass and wedge plays where the pressure is 
brought to bear on one point in the line, the team play 
is not nearly so delicate and skillful. The virtue in the 
wedge play, be it quick or slow, lies in the power to pro- 
ject great weight and strength on a given point, while at 
the same time closely protecting the runner. 

Every play should be made as safe as possible by 
having at least one player always in a position to get a 
fumbled ball, or in case an opponent secured the ball, to 
prevent him from making a run. Where there are so 
many parts to every play in snapping, handling, passing, 
and catching the ball, there is constant danger of a slip. 
The value of having one or more players behind the 
runner is frequently demonstrated also, when, by the aid 
of a timely push, the runner is able to break loose from 
the grasp of some tackier who has not secured a strong 
hold on him, and so adds several yards to his run. 

In running down the field on a kick the rushers should 
run in parallel lines two or three yards apart, for most of 
the distance, converging as they approach the man with 
the ball, in order to pocket him. The ends approach 
the catcher in such a way that he will be forced to run in 
towards the approaching rushers, if he runs at all. All 
must be on the watch to thwart a pass to another man. 

There is a nice point in judgment to be considered by 
the rushers in going down on a kick. The end men 
being so far away from where the full-back will stand 



when about to kick, can start instantly down the field, 
leaving the half-backs to block off their men if they 
come through too fast ; for the ends' first duty is to be 
under the ball when it falls. Occasionally, when kicking 
from near the side line, it may be necessary for the end 
next the side line to block his man or to push him back 
as he breaks through to go down the field. What the 
ends will do in this case, the tacklers should do nearly 
every time that a kick is made. Both tacklers should 
feel it their bounden duty to support the ends by going 
hard after them the instant they judge their opponents 
cannot reach the full-back in time to interfere with his 
kick. Hence, anjr tactics which they can put into 
practice which will enable them to block their opponents 
and, at the same time, not delay them in going down the 
field are the ones to be used. The tackles must bear in 
mind that the distance from their positions to the full- 
back is not very great, especially on the side on which 
the full-back kicks ; but while this makes the duty of 
blocking on that side greater, the other tackle can afford 
to take an extra fraction of a second from blocking his 
opponent and use it in a quicker start. 

On the guards and center rests the greatest burden in 
blocking their opponents on a kick ; for while there is not 
that openness in the line, as at the tackle and end, which 
will let an opponent through quickly, the distance to the 
full-back is here the shortest and it is usually here that 
tricks are worked by which one or two men are let through, 
one usually being the quarter-back. They must, there- 
fore, be very careful not to be over hurried in going down 
the field, remembering that it is their first duty to block, 
following the tackles and ends as soon as possible. If the 
guards and center are very skillful there need be no great 
delay in doing this, for it is necessary to check their oppo- 



231 

nents only long enough to enable the full-back to punt 
over their heads. Whenever it is possible for the guards 
and center to carry their men before them for a few feet, 
it is generally safe to leave them and go down the field at 
full speed It is comparatively easy for the center to do 
this at the instant that he snaps the ball. Generally 
there is too much blocking done and too little "follow- 
ing the ball." 

In this connection, as a help to the rushers, several points 
must be borne in mind by the full-back in kicking. It is 
not enough for him to kick the ball as hard as he can each 
time it is sent back for that purpose. That would be a 
poor performance of his duties. He must kick for his 
team's advantage always, and therefore must regulate the 
distance, and direct his kick with the utmost skill. Even 
long and puzzling kicks are dangerous unless closely fol- 
lowed up by the rushers; for, let a good dodging half-back 
get free, with one or two interferers in a broken field of 
opponents, and he will be almost sure of a long run. 

The full-back must take into account the ability of the 
rushers to get down the field in time to prevent a run or a 
return kick and punt accordingly. He may find it nec- 
essary to elevate the angle of his kick so that it will give 
his men time to get under it, or he may find it best to di- 
rect the ball straight ahead, in order to give his rushers 
the shortest distance to run, and at the same time be able 
to advance in the best formation for checking a run. At 
least, he must punt the ball where it shall be difficult for 
the backs to reach it quickly, and so give the rushers the 
advantage of a longer time to get under it. Especially 
must he be very careful not to kick the ball diagonally across 
the field without weighing well the risk involved; in com- 
parison with the chances for increased advantage ; for the 
risks are unusually large in such a kick. It would be well 



232 

for the full-back to give the rushers a signal as to the direc- 
tion he meant to kick. This should always be done when 
he intends to kick off to one side of the field, or when he 
purposes making a high kick or one outside of bound in 
order to put his men on side by running forward. The 
rushers would be able to work some splendid team-play on 
such occasions. 

The question of when to make a fair catch and when to 
run is well worth the consideration of the backs, who are 
the ones almost always called upon to exercise their judg- 
ment on this point. It was formerly judged best, in hand- 
ling a kicked ball, to make a fair catch on all occasions. 
To-day there is a division of opinion, some adhering to 
the old way, while others prefer to run whenever they get 
a chance. 

There are two points to be considered in deciding this 
question: First, whether it is possible to kick a goal from 
the place where the ball will fall, or whether a punt from 
that point would be desirable; second, whether it will add 
much to the risk of not catching the ball, if the attempt is 
made to run. It is clear, that when near enough to the 
opponent's goal to try a place kick, every effort should be 
made to secure a fair catch. 

When a goal from the field would be impossible, it is 
almost invariably best to run with the ball, unless this 
would add greatly to the danger of muffing it. Catching 
the ball necessitates a positive loss of ground before again 
putting it in play, and it is doubtful whether this loss is 
compensated by the advantage of putting it in play unmo- 
lested by opponents and behind the whole team under 
slight headway. 

In attempting to run the player will at the worst be 
forced to make a down, which would furnish only slightly 
less advantage than a fair catch, while on the other hand 
it presents opportunities for gain. 



AXIOMS. 

Line up quickly the moment the ball is down and play 
a dashing game from start to finish. 

Never under any circumstances talk about your hurts 
and bruises. If you are unable to play, or have a severe 
strain, tell the captain at once. He will always release 
you. 

When thrown hard always get up as if not hurt in the 
slightest. You will be thrown twice as hard next time if 
you appear to be easily hurt by a fall. 

When coached upon the field never under any circum- 
stances answer back or make any excuses. Do as nearly 
as possible exactly what you are told. 

Always throw your man hard, and toward his own goal, 
when you tackle him. 

Never converse with an opponent during the game, but 
wait until the game is over for the exchange of civilities. 

If you miss a tackle turn right around and follow the 
man at utmost speed ; some one else may block him just 
long enough for you to catch him from behind. 

Never play a " slugging game " ; it interferes with good 
football playing. 

Try to make a touch-down during the first two minutes 
of the game, before the opponents have become fairly 
waked up. 

Play a fast game ; let one play come after the next in 
rapid succession without any waits or delays. The more 
rapidly you play, the more effective it will be. Therefore 

(262) 



263 

line up quickly and get back in your regular place in- 
stantly after making a run. 

When thrown, allow yourself to fall limp, with legs 
straight, and then you will not get hurt. Do not try to 
save yourself by putting out a hand or arm ; it may be 
sprained or broken. If you are flat on the ground you 
cannot be hurt, no matter how many pile on top of you. 

Always tackle low. The region between the knees and 
waist is the place to be aimed at. When preparing to 
tackle, keep your eyes on the runner's hips, for they are 
the least changeable part of the body. 

Lift the runner off his feet and throw him toward his 
own goal. When not near enough to do this, spring 
through the air at him and hit him as hard as possible 
with the shoulder ; at the same time grip him with the 
arms and drag him down. Always put the head down in 
doing this and throw the weight forward quickly and 
hard. Crawl up on the runner when he falls and take the 
ball away if possible ; at least prevent its being passed. 

When the runner is in a mass, or wedge, drive in and 
lift his legs out from under him, or fall down in front of 
him. 

If the runner's feet are held, push back on his chest 
and make him fall toward his own goal. 

Don't wait for the runner to meet you ; meet the runner. 

Always have a hand in the tackle. Don't " think " the 
runner is stopped ; make sure of it. 

Follow your own runners hard; you may have a chance 
to assist him, or block off for him. Always be in readi- 
ness to receive the ball from the runner when he is tackled. 

Fall on the ball always in a scrimmage, or when sur- 
rounded by opponents. When the ball is kicked behind 
your own goal, or across the side line, do not fall on it 



264 

until it stops unless there is danger of the opponents being 
put on side. 

Put your head down when going through the line and 
dive in with your whole weight. 

Call "down" loudly, but not until it is impossible to 
make further advances. 

Squeeze the ball tightly when tackled, or when going 
through the line. 

Never under any circumstances give up because the 
other side seems to be superior. They may weaken at 
any moment, or a valuable player be ruled off or tem- 
porarily disabled. Let each man encourage the others 
on the team by monosyllables and keep up a " team 
enthusiasm." 

Be the first man down the field on a kick. 

Block your men hard when the opponents have the 
ball. 

Tear up the line, break through and stop every kick 
that is made. 

Never take your eyes off the ball after the signal has 
been given, if you are a man behind the line. 

Do not be contented with a superficial reading on foot- 
ball, but study it carefully, if you would master it. 



A Scientific and Practical Treatise 

ON 

AMERICAN FOOTBALL 

FOR 

SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 

A. A. STAGG. 

H. L. WILLIAMS. 



2 75 pages. Bound in Cloth. Price, $1.25. 

Containing 70 full-page 'diagrams, with full explanations 
showing the exact position of every man and the method 
of effecting the interference of more than 

One Hundred and Twenty-Five 

plays, including line wedges, revolving wedges, flying 
wedges, mass wedges, criss-cross plays, feint plays, 
opening plays, tandem plays, and a great number of 
trick plays, in addition to all the standard plays used at 
the" larger colleges. 

Separate chapters on the (1) Center, (2) Guard, 
(3) Tackle, (4) End, (5) Quarter-Back, (6) Half-Backs 
and Full-Back. Chapters on Training, Signals, Field 
Tactics, Team Play, Axioms, and the Official Rules of 
the game. 

For sale by Belknap & Warfield, Booksellers, Asylum 
street, Hartford, Ct. ; A. G. Spalding, New York, Chi- 
cago, and Philadelphia, or may be ordered through any 
bookstore. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



029 714 193 4 



